Unit – I

• The Cell
• • Cell structure and functions of organelles
  • Endocytosis and exocytosis
  • Acid-base balance and disturbances (acidosis and alkalosis)
• The Blood
  • Composition, functions, and plasma proteins
  • Physiological and pathological variations of RBCs, hemoglobin function, ESR
  • WBC total and differential counts and functions
  • Platelets: formation, normal levels, and functions
  • Blood groups, Rh factor, and clotting cascade (physiology of hemostasis)

Unit – II 

• Cardio-Vascular System (Core focus for perfusion)
  • Physiology of the heart, heart sounds, auscultatory areas
  • Cardiac cycle and cardiac output
  • Arterial pressures, blood pressure regulation, and hypertension
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Unit – III 

• Respiratory System
  • Respiratory movements
  • Lung volumes and capacities (definitions and normal values)

Unit – IV 

• Excretory System
  • Normal urinary output and micturition
  • Renal function tests and common renal disorders

Unit – V 

• Central Nervous System
  Thermoregulation, Glasgow Coma Scale, and basic reflexes
• Endocrine System
  • Basics of endocrine functions and relevant tests