Unit II: Relational Model

This unit introduces the fundamental concepts of the relational data model, which is the foundation of modern database systems. It covers the structure of relational databases, including tables, tuples, attributes, and the role of keys such as primary keys and foreign keys. The unit explains referential integrity and its importance in maintaining consistency among related tables.

Students will explore Relational Algebra, the theoretical query language used to perform operations on relations. The unit also provides a strong foundation in SQL (Structured Query Language), beginning with basic concepts such as data definition, table creation, and key constraints, along with update operations.

Further, the unit progresses to Intermediate SQL, including joins, views, constraints, triggers, and stored procedures, enabling students to handle complex queries and database operations. Advanced topics such as Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL are also introduced, allowing integration of SQL within programming languages and execution of dynamically constructed queries.

By the end of this unit, students will be able to design relational schemas, enforce data integrity, and effectively query and manipulate databases using SQL.