(1). Basic concepts: Basic Units, Heat, Acoustics etc. Basic concepts of power,work, force, energy – Einstein᧙s formula – Electronics, Electricity & Magnetism,-electromagnetic waves – Units and measurements – temperature and heat-SIunits of above parameters-Atomic structure- Nucleus – Atomic Number, MassNumber electron orbit and energy levels-Periodic table -Isotopes-Isobars-Ionisationand excitation. (2). Electromagnetic induction: Electric charges-electric induction – electricpotential-capacitance and capacitors. electrical energy and power – unit of current-resistance and Ohm᧙s law – circuit laws – heating effect of current – sourcesof electrical energy – e.m.f.Magnetism-Magnetic effect of an electric current -applications of magnetic field. Electro-magnetic induction, laws of mutualinduction and self induction. Alternating current-transformers theory and losses -practical aspects-reactance ᧓resonance – impedance and power factors.

(3). Radioactivity: Natural and artificial radioactivity-alpha decay-beta decay and spectra ᧓ gamma emission-positron decay electron capture and internal conversion-Exponential decay-Half life-Unit of activity-specific activity. Nuclear Fission-Nuclear reactor. Radiation sources-Natural and artificial-production of radioisotopes-reactor produced isotopes-Fission products-Gamma ray source for Medical uses (4) Interaction of X-and Gamma rays: Attenuation of X-ray or Gamma raysabsorption and scattering-half value layer-coherent scattering-Photo electric absorption-compton scattering-pair production and photoelectric disintegration.X-Ray transmission through medium-linear and mass attenuation coefficients. HVT – TVT and interaction of charged particle and neutrons with matter. Interaction of X-and Gamma rays in body-fat-soft-tissue-bone-contrast mediumTotal attenuation coefficient. Relative important of different types of interactions.

(5) 5. Physics of Diagnostic Radiology : X-ray Tube: Anode & Cathode – Thermionic diode ᧓ X- ray valves and tubes ᧓principle and practical aspects ᧓ semiconductors ᧓ triode valves ᧓ cathode ray oscilloscopes ᧓ X-ray circuits ᧓ self rectifying circuits ᧓ half wave pulsating voltage circuits ᧓ full valve pulsating voltage circuits – measurement of high voltage ᧓ control of KV circuit ᧓ mA circuit. X-ray beam quality.(6) X-Ray generators and circuits-Filament current and voltage, X-Ray circuits-primary circuit-auto transformer-switch and timers- principle of automaticexposure control and practical operation – filament circuit -high voltage circuits -half wave & full wave rectification -threephase circuits. Types of generators, 3 phase, 6 and 12 pulse circuits- falling load generatorscapacitors discharge and grid control systems.X-ray tables-floating top table & variable height table.

(7) X-Ray Grids /Bucky Scattered Radiation -Significance of scatter ᧓ Beam limiting devices.-Grid principle and structure ᧓ Types of Grids – vertical bucky- versatile bucky -Stationary grid, parallel grid, focused grid ᧓ crossed grid, moving grid ᧓ Potter Bucky DiaphragmControl of scattered radiation and grids/Bucky – Methods of minimizing formation of scatter radiation, types of grids and grid ratio- use of cones ᧓ diaphragm/ light beam devices – effectiveness of collimation – limitations of the primary beam/the light beam diaphargm -Effects of scatter radiation on radiograph image quality, patient dose and occupational exposure.

X-Ray Casettes & Intensifying screens: Fluorescence ᧓ constituents of intensifying screens ᧓ types of screens-intensification factors-speed of screenscreen unsharpness. Cassette-construction-types of cassettes- use of fluorescent screen in radiology, effect of screen in reduction of patient dose.