UNIT 1. Mammography system: History – Imaging requirements- Mammography system – construction/types accessories – tube, compression, grids, AEC etc.- nature of X-Ray beam suitable, accessories for immobilization – film processing – image quality – image recording devices – interventional procedures , accessories-biopsy equipment attachments – radiation dose- – mammo tomogram-Sonomammography-future developments.

 

UNIT 2. Ultrasonography/ Doppler systems: Basic acoustics principle- Basic physics of sound propagation in different media, production of Ultrasound (piezoelectric effect), ultrasound terminologies interaction of ultrasound with matter , ultrasound properties propagation in tissue, absorption, scattering, reflection and refraction- acoustic impedence piezo electric effect , transducer , Pulsar , receiver , beam/sensitivity and gain generators- A, B and M scanning & echo modes- transducers-techniques of sonography-equipment selection- display methods , ultrasound image formation data storage and display , image and artifacts , doppler instrumentation , doppler equation , transducer , quality assurance and performance tests , bio effects and safety considerations. Types of machines ,portable systems- acoustic coupling agents-ingredients/preparation.

 

UNIT 3. CT scan systems: History- generations of scanners-CT technology -helical/spiral & multi slice C.T ultra fast scanners-system components – performance parameters – image quality and methods of image reconstruction- radiation dose measurements and technical aspects of Q.A -calibration and image acquisition.

 

UNIT 4.MRI Scanners: History – basic physical principle – Physical principles -NMR signals, instrumentation- hard ware-MR system components- magnet system- Magnetic shielding- RF shielding- bioeffects of MRI- site selection and safety -reconstruction system – different coils used -NMR signals advantage -imaging methods , pulse imaging sequences – spectroscopy parameters -calibration and image acquisition – reconstructions- 3D images- – image contrast, factors affecting image quality – artifacts – difference between CT and MRI images- host computer -viewing archiving- hard copy – image formation and storage device.

 

UNIT 5.Angiography and Cine Studies /DSA Angiography equipments history ,Conventional angiography X-Ray equipment Equipment construction-principle – DSA system basics – digital techniques-subtraction process-procedures for subtraction – care, choice and installation of the equipment  equipment, pitfalls and complications -pressure injectors contrast media -accessories-catheters, guide wires-uses of serial imaging devices cine camera – video-recorder -film processing-radiation protection.

 

UNIT 6. Nuclear Medicine Equipments Nuclear Physics – basics in Nuclear Medicine- Nuclear medicine equipments Gamma Cameras- rectilinear scanners- radioisotope generators-SPECT-CT & PET CT- introduction-basic physics and principle involved- equipments basic structure differences- fusion techniques- image formation-storage devices advantages limitations.

 

UNIT 7. Recent Advances in Imaging Systems Mobile units of Computer Radiography & Digital Radiography system. 3D/4D Sonography systems 128 slice & higher slice C.T equipments. 3 Tesla & higher T MRI scanners Image processing & Display systems-Recent advances, concepts and applications in processing of images in digital form using computer based systems. Bone Densitometry

 

UNIT 8.Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS)-newer advancements , updates – systems designs-transfer restrictions.