Network Hardware: LAN – WAN – MAN – Wireless – Home Networks. Network Software: Protocol Hierarchies – Design Issues for the Layers – Connection-oriented and connectionless services – Service Primitives – The Relationship of services to Protocols. Reference Models: OSI Reference Model – TCP/IP reference Model – Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP -Critique of OSI and protocols – Critique of the TCP/IP Reference model.

PHYSICAL LAYER – Guided Transmission Media: Magnetic Media – Twisted Pair – Coaxial Cable – Fiber Optics. Wireless Transmission: Electromagnetic Spectrum – Radio Transmission – Microwave Transmission – Infrared and Millimeter Waves – Light Waves. Communication Satellites: Geostationary, Medium-Earth Orbit, Low Earth-orbit Satellites – Satellites versus Fiber

DATA-LINK LAYER: Error Detection and correction – Elementary Data-link Protocols: Unrestricted Simplex protocol–Simplex Stop and Wait Protocol- A Simplex Protocol for Noisy Channel – Sliding Window Protocols :One Bit Sliding Window- Protocol using Go Back N- Protocol using Selective Repeat. MEDIUM-ACCESS CONTROL SUB LAYER: Bluetooth: Bluetooth Architecture- Bluetooth Application- Bluetooth Protocol Stack- Bluetooth Radio Layer- Bluetooth Baseband Layer

NETWORK LAYER: Routing Algorithms: The Optimality Principal-Shortest Path- Flooding-Distance Vector Algorithm-Link state Algorithm- Hierarchical Routing– Broadcast Routing–Multicast Routing–Congestion Control Algorithms: General Principles- Congestion Prevention Policies – Congestion control in Virtual Circuit Subnets and Datagram subnets – Load shedding – Jitter Control – Internetworking : How Networks Differ – How networks can be connected-Concatenated Virtual circuits – Connection less Internetworking

TRANSPORT LAYER: Transport Service - Elements of Transport Protocols: Addressing – Connection Establishment- Connection Release – Flow Control and Buffering – Crash Recovery – Internet Transport Protocols: UDP: Introduction- Remote Procedure Call- Real Time Transport Protocol – TCP: Introduction- TCP service Model – TCP Protocol – TCP Segment Header – TCP Connection Establishment and Connection Release – TCP Connection Management – APPLICATION LAYER: DNS: DNS Name space – Resource Records – Name Servers – E-mail: Architecture and services – User Agent –Message Format – Message Transfer – Final Delivery: POP3 – IMAP.