Paradigm shift from pedagogyto Andragogy to Heutagogy – Concept and stages - Critical Pedagogy: Meaning, Foster independent thinking through critical pedagogy, Need and its implications in Teacher Education. Interaction Analysis: Flanders’ Interaction analysis, Galloway’s system of interaction analysis (Recording of Classroom Events, Construction and Interpretation of Interaction Matrix).

Bloom’s Mastery Learning, Skinner’s Operant Training, Bruner’s Concept attainment, Ausubel’s Advance Organizer, Glaser’s Basic Teaching (Classroom Meeting), Byron Massials and Benjamin cox’s social inquiry, Carl Roger’s Non-directive and William Gordon’s Synecticsmodels.

Activity Based Instruction: Concept, Classification - Role Play, Simulation, Incident method, Case Study method, Gaming and prioritisation exercises. Group Controlled Instruction: Concept, Definition and Importance of Group Controlled Instruction – Types of Group Controlled Instruction: Group Interactive sessions, Co-operative Learning methods, Group investigation, Group Projects.

Need and significance of learning resources in Biology - Identifying and analyzing the learning resources in teaching-learning process of Biology - Biology Laboratory as a learning resource - Use of Science and Biology experiment kits in teaching-learning of Biology - Field visits and excursion as learning resources in Biology - ICT based virtual experiments and simulations as learningresource in Biology - Role of the teacher - Limitations and hurdles in the use of various learning resources in Biology.

Measurement and Evaluation - Differentiate between Assessment and Evaluation - Types of evaluation: Formative, Summative, DiagnosticTest– Standardization of Test, Principles and steps involved in the Construction of Achievement test – Blue Print and Question Pattern - Feedback Devices: Meaning, Types, Criteria, - Assessment of Portfolios, Reflective Journal, Field Engagement using Rubrics, Competency Based Evaluation.