Basics, Innervations of urinary bladder in detail, Microscopic structure of the kidney, Juxtaglomerular apparatus, Microcirculation of kidney, Histopathology of kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Renal haemodynamics and glomerular filtration- renal function, Renal function tests, Micturition

Basis of impaired renal function, urine analysis. Glomerulonephritis – classification – primary ( proliferative and non-proliferative ). Secondary glomerulonephritis – (SLE, purpura, polyarteritis, amyloidosis, diabetes, nephritic syndrome )

Acute renal failure, progressive renal failure and end stage renal disease, Pyelonephritis, Reflux nephropathy, interstitial nephritis. Renal and genitourinary tract tumours – renal cell carcinoma and Nephroblastoma Renal vascular disorders, kidney changes in hypertension

Cystitis, carcinoma, urinary tract tuberculosis, Urolithiasis and Ostructive uropathy, Congenital abnormalities of kidneys and urinary system.

Symptoms, signs and investigations. Major manifestations – dysuria, pyuria, urethral symptoms. Disorders of urine volume, haematuria , proteinuria, oedema, Obstruction of urinary tract, incontinence, renal involvement in systemic disorders Drugs and kidney, renal replacement therapy.