Introduction to 8086 – Microprocessor architecture – Addressing modes – Instruction set and assembler directives – Assembly language programming – Modular Programming – Linking and Relocation – Stacks – Procedures – Macros – Interrupts and interrupt service routines – Byte and String Manipulation.

8086 signals – Basic configurations – System bus timing –System design using 8086 – I/O programming – Introduction to Multiprogramming – System Bus Structure – Multiprocessor configurations – Coprocessor, Closely coupled and loosely Coupled configurations – Introduction to advanced processors.

Memory Interfacing and I/O interfacing – Parallel communication interface – Serial communication interface – D/A and A/D Interface – Timer – Keyboard /display controller – Interrupt controller – DMA controller – Programming and applications Case studies: Traffic Light control, LED display , LCD display, Keyboard display interface and Alarm Controller.

Architecture of 8051 – Special Function Registers(SFRs) – I/O Pins Ports and Circuits – Instruction set – Addressing modes – Assembly language programming.

Programming 8051 Timers – Serial Port Programming – Interrupts Programming – LCD & Keyboard Interfacing – ADC, DAC & Sensor Interfacing – External Memory Interface- Stepper Motor and Waveform generation – Comparison of Microprocessor, Microcontroller, PIC and ARM processors