Enzyme Biotechnology- Methods of enzyme immobilization and applications. Biosensors- Working and applications of biosensors in Pharmaceutical Industries. Brief introduction to Protein Engineering. Use of microbes in industry Production of Enzymes- General consideration - Amylase, Catalase, Peroxidase, Lipase, Protease, Penicillinase. Basic principles of genetic engineering.

Study of cloning vectors, restriction endonucleases, and DNA ligase. Recombinant DNA technology. Application of genetic engineering in medicine. Application of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering in the production of: i) Interferon ii) Vaccines- hepatitis B iii) Hormones- Insulin. Brief introduction to PCR

Types of immunity: humoral immunity, cellular immunity Structure of Immunoglobulins Structure and Function of MHC Hypersensitivity reactions, Immune stimulation, and Immune suppression. General method of the preparation of bacterial vaccines, toxoids, viral vaccines, antitoxins, serum-immune blood derivatives, and other products relative to immunity. Storage conditions and stability of official vaccines Hybridoma Technology: Production, Purification, and Applications Blood Products and Plasma Substitutes.

Immuno blotting techniques- ELISA, Western blotting, Southern blotting. Genetic organization of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Microbial genetics, including transformation, transduction, conjugation, plasmids, and transposons. Introduction to Microbial biotransformation and applications. Mutation: Types of mutation/mutants.

Fermentation methods and general requirements, including the study of media, equipment, sterilization methods, aeration processes, and stirring. Large-scale production fermenter design and its various controls. Study of the production of penicillin, citric acid, Vitamin B12, Glutamic acid, and Griseofulvin, Blood Products: The Collection, Processing, and Storage of whole human blood, dried human plasma, and plasma Substitutes.