UV Visible spectroscopy: Electronic transitions, chromophores, auxochromes, spectral shifts, solvent effect on absorption spectra, Beer and Lambert’s law, Derivation and deviations. Instrumentation - Sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, sample cells, detectors- Photo tube, Photomultiplier tube, Photo voltaic cell, Silicon Photodiode. Applications - Spectrophotometric titrations, Single component and multi component analysis. Fluorimetry: Theory, Concepts of singlet, doublet and triplet electronic states, internal and external conversions, factors affecting fluorescence, quenching, instrumentation and applications.

IR spectroscopy: Introduction, fundamental modes of vibrations in poly atomic molecules, sample handling, factors affecting vibrations Instrumentation - Sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, detectors - Golay cell, Bolometer, Thermocouple, Thermister, Pyroelectric detector and applications. Flame Photometry: Principle, interferences, instrumentation and applications. Atomic absorption spectroscopy: Principle, interferences, instrumentation and applications. Nepheloturbidometry: Principle, instrumentation and applications.

Introduction to chromatography: Adsorption and partition column chromatography-Methodology, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Thin layer chromatography- Introduction, Principle, Methodology, Rf values, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Paper chromatography-Introduction, methodology, development techniques, advantages, disadvantages and applications Electrophoresis– Introduction, factors affecting electrophoretic mobility, Techniques of paper, gel, capillary electrophoresis, applications.

Gas chromatography - Introduction, theory, instrumentation, derivatization, temperature programming, advantages, disadvantages and applications High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-Introduction, theory, instrumentation, advantages and applications.

Ion exchange chromatography- Introduction, classification, ion exchange resins, properties, mechanism of ion exchange process, factors affecting ion exchange, methodology and applications Gel chromatography- Introduction, theory, instrumentation and applications Affinity chromatography- Introduction, theory, instrumentation and applications.