• History of Pharmacopoeia, Sources and types of impurities, principle involved in the limit test for Chloride, Sulphate, Iron, Arsenic, Lead and Heavy metals, modified limit test for Chloride and Sulphate

• Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity, calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity. • Functions of major physiological ions, Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS), Physiological acid base balance. • Dentifrices, role of fluoride in the treatment of dental caries, Desensitizing agents, Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, and Zinc eugenol cement.

Acidifiers: Ammonium chloride* and Dil. HCl Antacid: Ideal properties of antacids, combinations of antacids, Sodium 40Bicarbonate*, Aluminum hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide mixture Cathartics: Magnesium sulphate, Sodium orthophosphate, Kaolin and Bentonite Antimicrobials: Mechanism, classification, Potassium permanganate, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide*, Chlorinated lime*, Iodine and its preparations

Expectorants: Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride*. Emetics: Copper sulphate*, Sodium potassium tartarate Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate*, Ferrous gluconate Poison and Antidote: Sodium thiosulphate*, Activated charcoal, Sodium nitrite333 Astringents: Zinc Sulphate, Potash Alum

• Radio activity, Measurement of radioactivity, Properties of α, β, γ radiations, Half life, radio isotopes and study of radio isotopes - Sodium iodide I131 , Storage conditions, precautions & pharmaceutical application of radioactive substances.