Introduction to biochemistry: Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy; Cell and its biochemical organization. Carbohydrates:  Definition, classification with examples, chemical properties  Monosaccharides - Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose  Disaccharides - structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose  Polysaccharides - chemical nature of starch and glycogen  Qualitative tests and biological role of carbohydrates

Proteins:  Definition, classification of proteins based on composition and solubility with examples  Definition, classification of amino acids based on chemical nature and nutritional requirements with examples  Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure)  Qualitative tests and biological role of proteins and amino acids  Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins. Lipids:  Definition, classification with examples  Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats)  Fatty acid classification - Based on chemical and nutritional requirements with examples  Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body  Lipoproteins - types, composition and functions in the body  Qualitatative tests and functions of lipids.

Nucleic acids:  Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases  Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples  Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions Enzymes:  Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification  Factors affecting enzyme activity  Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors  Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes

Vitamins:  Definition and classification with examples  Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without chemical structures)  Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose level. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates  Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and ketolysis. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia  Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and its significance– Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and Jaundice.  Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation.

Water and Electrolytes:  Distribution, functions of water in the body  Water turnover and balance  Electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolyte and Electrolyte balance  Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral rehydration therapy Introduction to Biotechnology Organ function tests:  Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidney and their clinical significances  Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of liver and their clinical significances  Lipid profile tests and its clinical significances Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine:  Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease  Erythrocytes - Abnormal cells and their significance  Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance