Basic concepts - concept of continuum - comparison of microscopic and macroscopic approach Path and point functions - Intensive and extensive - total and specific quantities System and their types - Thermodynamic Equilibrium, State - path and process Quasi-Static- Reversible and Irreversible Processes, Heat and work transfer - definition and comparison - sign convention - Displacement work and other modes of work P-V diagram - Zeroth law of thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics Application to closed and open systems Steady flow processes and their applications.

Formation of Steam and Its Thermodynamic Properties P-V Diagram ,P-T Diagram, T-V Diagram T-s, h-s diagrams. P -V-T surface Use of Steam Table and Mollier Chart Determination of Dryness Fraction using Throttling, Separating and Throttling Determination of Dryness Fraction -problems Application of I law for pure substances Content Beyond Syllabus- Introduction to Phase Change Material(PCM)

Second Law of Thermodynamics Statements of Second Law and Its Corollaries Carnot Cycle-Reversed Carnot Cycle- Performance Carnot theorem- Clausius equality – inequality Concept of Entropy -T-s diagram -entropy change for pure substance ideal gases - different processes - principle of increase in entropy Applications of II Law Exergy analysis and its applications

Ideal and actual Rankine cycles Cycle Improvement Methods Reheat and Regenerative cycles Ideal and Actual Rankine cycle-problems Economiser , Preheater Superheater ,Condenser Cogeneration Introduction – Binary cycle Combine cycles Content Beyond Syllabus –Heat Recovery through Cogeneration

Mole and Mass fraction - Dalton’s. Properties of gas mixture Molar mass - gas constant - density Properties of Ideal gas - Ideal and real gas comparison Equations of state for ideal and real Gases, Reduced Properties - Compressibility Factor Maxwell relations Tds Equations Difference and ratio of heat Capacities Energy Equation -Joule -Thomson Coefficient Clausius - Clapeyron equation and its applications.