Stability of isolated and conjugated dienes-1, 2 and 1, 4 additions, Diels Alder reaction. Free radical addition – polymerization – synthetic rubber. Cycloalkanes: Preparation by Dickmann ring closure and by reduction of aromatic hydrocarbons - ring opening reactions of cyclopropane with H2, Br2 and HI.

Preparation and properties - reaction of monohydric phenols with mechanism – alkylation, esterification, nitration, sulphonation, halogenation coupling with diazonium salts – Kolbe, Reimer – Tiemann, Schotten – Bauman , Gattermannreaction.

Preparation and reaction – primary, secondary and tertiary amines – their separation, comparison of their basicity – ring substitution, diazotization and coupling reaction of aromatic amines. Diazomethaneand diazoacetic ester - preparation, structure and their synthetic applications.

The laws of thermodynamics, generalities and zeroth law - kinds of energy -scope of the first and second laws of thermodynamics-thermodynamic terms-definitions – heat - work of expansion - work of compression - maximum and minimum quantities of work.Reversible and irreversible transformations of energy. First law of thermodynamics – properties of energy changes in relation to properties of system- isothermal and adiabatic changes - meaning of the thermodynamic state function - properties of exact and inexact differentials - Joule Thomson experiment - Relation between E and H, Cp and Cv. Introduction to second law of thermodynamics – Carnot cycle – entropy – definition – entropy changes in isothermal transformation –Trouton’s rule. Entropy as function of T and V – entropy as a function of T and P – changes of entropy with T. Entropy change in an ideal gas – entropy of mixing of ideal gases.

Second law of thermodynamics – need for the law- different statements of the law- Carnot’s cycle and efficiency of heat engine- Carnot’s theorem- thermodynamic scale of temperature. Concept of entropy- definition and physical significance of entropy- entropy as a function of P, V and T – entropy changes during phase changes- entropy of mixing – entropy criterion for spontaneous and equilibrium processes in isolated system. Gibb’s free energy (G) and Helmholtz free energy(A) – variation of A and G with P, V and T- Gibb’s – Helmholtz equation and its applications. Thermodynamic equation of state, Maxwell’s relations- ∆A and ∆G as criteria for spontaneity and equilibrium.