Definition of Soil - Classification and Analysis Physical properties: structure and texture-soil water, soil air and soil temperature - mechanical analysis. Chemical properties: Soil mineral matter, soil colloids and ion-exchange reactions. Soil fertility and its evaluation. Soil organic matter and their influence on soil properties – C:N ratio effects. Soil reactions. Soil pH, acidity, alkalinity, buffering of soils and its effects on the availability of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, I, AI, Mn and sulphuric acid. Soil salinity, acidic soils and alkaline soils - their formation and reclamation.

Soil salinity, acidic soils and alkaline soils- their formation and reclamation. Acid, acid sulphate, salt affected and calcareous soils – characteristics and nutrient availabilities. Reclamation: mechanical, chemical and biological methods – chemistry of submerged soils.

Sources of water supply for agriculture - hard and soft water - Water treatment: definition and water softening methods - lime soda process, phosphate conditioning, permutit and ion-exchange processes. Water analysis: Determination of hardness of water, acidity, alkalinity, pH value, amount of free CO2, fluoride content, chloride content and their estimation. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), chlorine demand and their determination - recycling of water.

Effect of N, P, K, secondary nutrients and micro nutrients on plant growth and development. Importance of nitrogenous fertilizers. Nitrogen cycle and fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Principle and manufacture of ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and urea. Phosphate fertilizers: preparation and uses of mono and diammonium phosphates, super phosphate and triple super phosphate. Potassium fertilizers-potassium nitrate, potassium chloride, potassium sulphate. Mixed fertilizers. Methods of compost in green manuring, concentrated organic manures and their chemical composition. Oil cakes, horn and hoof metal.

Details of manufacture of sucrose from cane sugar-extraction of juice, purification, concentration, crystallization, separation and refining of crystals, recovery of sucrose from molasses. Structure, properties and uses of sucrose - Manufacture of sucrose from beetroot. Estimation of sucrose and inversion of sugar by polarimetry. Manufacture of alcohol from molasses and starch by fermentation process.