Digital representation –Digital and analog systems –Advantages and Limitations of digital techniques – Digital waveforms –Pulse characteristics Number Systems : Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexa-decimal - Conversion between the number systems - Different Digitalcodes: ASCII, BCD, Gray codes –Parity bit Logic Gates: AND, OR and NOT gates, Boolean expression, truth table and pulsed operation of basic logic gates - Realization using diodes and transistor – Boolean expression, truth table and pulsed operation of NAND, NOR, Ex-OR and Ex-NOR gates -NAND, NOR as universal gates- Boolean laws - De-Morgan’s theorems - Simplification of logical expression using Boolean algebra- Standard forms of Boolean expression- Minterms and Maxterms - Implementation of a Truth Table into an Equivalent Logic Circuit by Boolean Algebra and Karnaugh Maps – 4 Variables

Intel 8085 Microprocessor Architecture- Block Diagrams, Buses, Registers, ALU, Memory- Stack, Program counter- Interfacing devices- Timing and control circuitry- Pin-out diagram- Timing states- Instruction cycle - Interrupts and interrupt control- Input/Output- Machine language- Assembly language. Instruction set and format- Data transfer- Arithmetic, Logical, Branching and Machine Control Operations-Addressing Modes : Direct, Indirect, Register, Immediate, Implicit - Memory and i/o interfacing, Memory interfacing, I/O interfacing, Memory mapped I/O, I/O mapped I/O

Microprocessor Programming : Algorithm and flowcharts- Simple programming exercises : 1's and 2's complement of 8 bit data – Addition and subtraction of two 8-bit data with and without carry- BCD addition, Sum of a string of data - Sorting string of datas - 8 bit Multiplication - and 8 bit Division - Look-up-table - Block data transfer

Data Processing Circuits :A basic study of TTL, CMOS and MOSFET - Classification and parameters - Basic idea of multiplexers 2:1, 4: 1- De- multiplexers 1:2, 1:4 - Decoders and encoders - Parity generator and checker, odd & even Arithmetic and Logic Circuits: Binary addition, Binary subtraction using 1’s complement and 2’s complement method - Half adders, half subtractors, full Adders and full Subtractors RS, D, JK and T Flip-Flops - Level clocked and edge triggered flip-flops - Preset and clear operations- Race-around conditions in JK flip-flops- Master-slave JK flip-flop

Sequential Circuits : Counters - Asynchronous and synchronous counters- Decade counter - UP-DOWN counters - Ring counter - Shift registers: Serial-in-serial-out , Serial-in-parallel-out, Parallel-in-serial-out, and Parallel-in-parallel-out shift registers (only upto 4 bits)- Memories: Read-only memories (ROM), PROM, EPROM and RAM