Safety and hygiene in the Chemistry Lab Storage and handling of chemicals, handling of acids, ethers, toxic and poisonous chemicals, antidotes, threshold vapour concentration and first aid procedure. Heating methods, stirring methods filtration techniques. Calibration of pipette, standard measuring flask and burette. Weighing principle in chemical balance and single pan balance.

Replicate analysis, reliability of analytical data, mean and median & range precision and accuracy, methods of expressing precision and accuracy: deviation, mean deviation, relative mean deviation, and standard deviation. Errors, absolute error, relative error. Determinate errors, classification of determinate errors and their minimization, indeterminate error and normal frequency distribution curve.

Statistical treatment of analytical data, mean, median, mode, standard deviation- average and relative , confidence limits, students T-test, rejection of data: Q test, ANNOVA test, Graphical representation of results, methods of averages, methods of least squares. Significant figures, Reporting of analytical data, Numericals

Classification of reagents according to their action; (i) acids (ii) bases (iii) salts (iv) complexing agents (v) oxidizing and reducing agents (vi) precipitating agents (vii) chelating agents. Each type to be explained with at least one suitable example. Primary and secondary standards: Definition, characteristics, uses, examples for different types of reactions. Solvents: Solute, Solvent & Solution, classification of solvents (i) Protic and aprotic (ii) Acidic, basic amphiprotic and neutral (iii) Aqueous and non-aqueous (iv) Polar and nonpolar. Each type to be explained with at least one example.

Mole Concept, molecular weight, formula weight, and equivalent weight. Concentration units: Molarity, Formality, Normality, Molality, Mole fraction, Percent by weight, Percent by volume, Parts per thousand, Parts per million, Parts per billion, pX, pH, pOH, pM, milliequivalents, milli moles and titer. Numericals.