Visualization stages ‐ Experimental Semiotics based on Perception ‐ Semiotics of Graphics - A Model of Perceptual Processing ‐ Costs and Benefits of Visualization - Types of Data - The Environment, Optics, Resolution, and the Display - The Environment - Visible Light - Ecological Optics - Optical Flow- Textured Surfaces and Texture Gradients - Optics and Augmented-Reality Systems -Optics in Virtual-Reality Displays

Simultaneous Brightness Contrast - Mach Bands - The Chevreul Illusion -Simultaneous Contrast and Errors in Reading Maps - Contrast Effects and Artifacts in Computer Graphics - Adaptation, Contrast, and Lightness Constancy - Contrast on Paper and on Screen - Perception of Surface Lightness - Color - Opponent Process Theory - Naming - Cross-Cultural Naming - Unique Hues - Categorical Colors - Properties of Color Channels - Spatial Sensitivity - Stereoscopic Depth - Motion Sensitivity - Form - Applications of Color in Visualization - Application 1: Color Specification Interfaces and Color Spaces - Color Spaces - Color Naming Systems - Color Palettes

Eye Movements – Accommodation - The Eye Movement Control Loop - V1, Channels, and Tuned Receptors - The Elements of Form - The Gabor Model and Visual Distinctness - Preattentive Processing and Ease of Search - Attention and Expectations -Highlighting and Asymmetries - Coding with Combinations of Features - Coding with Redundant Properties - What Is Not Easily Findable: Conjunctions of Features - Highlighting Two Data Dimensions: Conjunctions That Can Be Seen - Integral and Separable Dimensions: Glyph Design - Restricted Classification Tasks - Speeded Classification Tasks - Integral–Separable Dimension Pairs- Representing Quantity - Representing Absolute Quantities - Multidimensional Discrete Data: Uniform Representation versus Multiple Channels - Stars and Whiskers

Image-Based Object Recognition - Priming - Searching an Image Database - Life Logging - Structure-Based Object Recognition - Geon Theory - Silhouettes - The Object Display and Object-Based Diagrams - The Geon Diagram - Faces - Coding Words and Images - Mental Images - Labels and Concepts - Object Categorization - Concept Mapping - Concept Maps and Mind Maps - Iconic Images versus Words versus Abstract Symbols - Static Links - Scenes and Scene Gist - Priming, Categorization, and Trace Theory

Data Selection and Manipulation Loop - Choice Reaction Time - Two-Dimensional Positioning and Selection - Hover Queries - Path Tracing - Two-Handed Interaction - Learning - Control Compatibility - Exploration and Navigation Loop - Locomotion and Viewpoint Control - Spatial Navigation Metaphors - Wayfinding, Cognitive Maps and Real Maps - Landmarks, Borders, and Place - Frames of Reference - Egocentric Frame of Reference - Exocentric Frames of Reference - Map Orientation - Focus, Context and Scale in Nonmetaphoric Interfaces - Distortion Techniques - Rapid Zooming Techniques