Studies metabolic mechanisms unique to plant life. (Transport in Plants and Mineral Nutrition remain deleted).

Chapter 11: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Autotrophic nutrition pathway, pigments, light reactions (cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation).

Chemiosmotic hypothesis, carbon fixation phases (C_3 and C_4 pathways), photorespiration, and limiting factors.

Chapter 12: Respiration in Plants

Gas exchange mechanisms; Cellular respiration: Glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle, and electron transport system (aerobic).

Energy yield calculations (ATP generated), amphibolic pathways, and Respiratory Quotient (RQ).

Chapter 13: Plant Growth and Development

Seed germination phases; plant growth rates, differentiation, dedifferentiation, and redifferentiation.

Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs): Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Ethylene, and Abscisic Acid (ABA).