The structural and chemical bedrock of modern biology.

Chapter 8: Cell ᎓ The Unit of Life

Cell theory; structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Plant and animal cell variants; cell envelope, membrane, and wall.

Detailed structure and function of endomembrane systems, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, and nucleus.

Chapter 9: Biomolecules

Chemical constituents of living cells: structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Enzymes: types, properties, enzyme action, and factors affecting enzyme activation.

Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cell cycle phases, Mitosis, Meiosis, and their biological significance.