An in-depth look at human organ systems and metabolic control. (Digestion & Absorption remains deleted).

Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Human respiratory system; mechanism of breathing, gas transport, respiratory volumes, and clinical disorders (Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational disorders).

Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation

Composition of blood, blood groups, and coagulation; Lymph fluid structure and function.

Human heart anatomy, cardiac cycle, ECG, double circulation, and cardiovascular disorders (Hypertension, CAD, Angina).

Chapter 16: Excretory Products and Their Elimination

Modes of excretion (ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism); human excretory system and nephron structure.

Urine formation, osmoregulation, and hormonal control (Renin-Angiotensin, ADH, ANF); disorders like renal failure and dialysis usage.

Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement

Types of movement (ciliary, flagellar, muscular); skeletal muscle structures, contractile proteins, and sliding filament mechanism.

Human skeletal system, joints, and muscular disorders (Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Arthritis, Osteoporosis).

Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination

Neuron anatomy; generation and conduction of nerve impulses.

Central and peripheral nervous systems; basic reflex actions.

Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration

Endocrine glands and major hormones (Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads).

Elementary mechanisms of hormone actions and hyper/hypo-activity disorders (Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Goiter, Diabetes).