Chapter-11: Organisms and Populations

Population interactions: mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism.  

Population attributes: growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.  

Chapter-12: Ecosystem

Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow.  

Pyramids of number, biomass, and energy.  

Chapter-13: Biodiversity and its Conservation

Biodiversity: Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity.  

Biodiversity conservation: hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and Ramsar sites.