Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis

Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism

Bioenergetics Concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reaction, Relationship between free energy, enthalpy and entropy; Redox potential.

Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance

Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus

Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD)

HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance

Carbohydrate metabolism Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance

Energy rich compounds; classification; biological significances of ATP and cyclic AMP

De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)